Estudio etnobotánico del uso de las plantas medicinales en la comunidad indígena Pijao en Natagaima, Colombia / Ethnobotanical study of the use of medicinal plants in the indigenous Pijao community in Natagaima, Colombia

Semi-structured interviews (80) were applied in order to document the medicinal plants used by the Pijao indigenous community in Natagaima, Colombia. As a result, a total of 110 species distributed in 54 families were registered, Asteraceae and Fabaceae (9% each) being the most important families. Regarding the parts of the plant, the most used structure was leaves (46.7%), the main form of preparation was infusion (32%), and the most used way of administration was oral (77.8%). The value of use of the species by informants (VUis), therelative importance of medicinal species (IRE) and the index of cultural value of medicinal species (IVUs) were determined. The most important species according to their value of use were: Tamarindus indicaL., Psidium guajavaL., Menthax piperitaL., Moringa oleiferaLam. The most reported ailments were gastrointestinal problems such as stomach pain and diarrhea, general aches, headache, fever, swollen liver, and respiratory problems.

Entrevistas semiestructuradas (80) fueron aplicadas con el fin de documentar las plantas medicinales utilizadas por la comunidad indígena Pijao en Natagaima, Colombia. Como resultado seregistraron un total de 110 especies distribuidas en 54 familias, siendo Asteráceas y Fabáceas (9% cada una) las más importantes. El órgano más utilizado fueron las hojas (46.7%). La forma de preparación principal fue la infusión (32%), y la vía de administración más utilizada fue la oral (77.8%). Se determinó el valor de uso de la especie por informante (VUis), importancia relativa de especies medicinales (IRE) y el índice de valor cultural de especies medicinales (IVUs). Las especies más importantes según el valor de uso fueron: Tamarindus indicaL., Psidium guajavaL., Menthax piperitaL. Moringa oleifera Lam. Las afecciones mayormente registradas fueron los problemas gastrointestinales, tales como dolor de estómago y diarrea; dolores corporales generales, dolor de cabeza, fiebre, hígado inflamado y problemas respiratorios.

Chemical composition of various plant extracts and their in vitro efficacy in control of Fasciola hepatica eggs / Composição química de vários extratos vegetais e sua eficácia in vitro no controle de ovos de Fasciola hepática

ABSTRACT: Fasciolosis has been diagnosed in cattle, goats, sheep and horses in southern and southeastern Brazil. Effective alternative treatments are the targets of study. One promising alternative is the use of plant extracts. The aim of this study was to perform phytochemical analysis of extracts of Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. and Stryphnodendron adstringens, and to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of these extracts on ovicidal activity in Fasciola hepatica. Plant extracts were analyzed for phytochemical properties. F. hepatica eggs were collected directly from the gallbladders of animals diagnosed as positive for fasciolosis on post mortem examination. One hundred eggs were incubated with 3 ml of each extract at concentrations of 0.10%, 0.25% and 0.50%, albendazole 0.50% (positive control) or tap water (negative control). To determine anti larval efficacy of each plant extract, hatched eggs were counted and the averages were used. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, tannins and terpenes in most extracts. E. uniflora L. extract was 100% effective at 0.10%, H. procumbens was effective at 0.25% and P. guajava L. and S. adstringens extracts were 100% effective at all concentrations tested. Taken together, the data suggested that ovicidal activity in F. hepatica is due to the presence of these bioactive compounds.

RESUMO: A fasciolose tem sido diagnosticada em bovinos, caprinos, ovinos e equinos no sul e sudeste do Brasil, sendo que tratamentos alternativos mais eficazes são alvos de estudo. Umas das alternativas promissoras é o uso de extratos vegetais no controle dessa e outras enfermidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a análise fitoquímica dos extratos de Eugenia uniflora L., Harpagophytum procumbens, Psidium guajava L. e Stryphnodendron adstringens, além de avaliar a eficácia in vitro desses extratos na atividade ovicida em Fasciola hepatica. Os extratos vegetais foram obtidos e analisados para determinação fitoquímica. Ovos de F. hepatica foram coletados diretamente das vesículas biliares de animais diagnosticados como positivos para fasciolose no exame post mortem. Cem ovos foram incubados com três mililitros de cada extrato nas concentrações de 0,10%, 0,25% e 0,50%, de albendazol a 0,50% (controle positivo) e água de torneira (controle negativo). Para determinar a eficácia de cada extrato vegetal os ovos eclodidos foram contados, e a média utilizada para os cálculos de eficácia. A análise fitoquímica revelou a presença de compostos fenólicos, taninos e terpenos na maioria dos extratos. O extrato de E. uniflora L. apresentou eficácia de 100% na concentração de 0,10%, o de H. procumbens a 0,25% e os extratos de P. guajava L. e S. adstringens apresentaram 100% de eficácia em todas as concentrações testadas. Assim, sugere-se que a atividade ovicida em F. hepatica seja devido à presença desses compostos bioativos.

Water salinity and nitrogen fertilization in the production and quality of guava fruits / Salinidade da água e adubação nitrogenada na produção e qualidade de frutos de goiabeira

Using nitrogen (N) to increase plant tolerance to salinity has been tested in many species. However, in addition to controversial results, most studies are conducted with annual species and/or in the initial growth stage and there are almost no studies with perennial fruit crops in the production stage. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the production components and post-harvest quality of 'Paluma' guava irrigated with water of increasing salinity in soil fertilized with N. The experiment was carried out for two years in drainage lysimeters in an experimental area of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in 5 x 4 factorial scheme, with of five levels of water salinity ­ ECw (NaCl)(0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four N doses (ureia) (70, 100, 130 and 160% of the recommended dose - 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil per year), with three replicates. Number of fruits, mean fruit weight, production per plant, polar and equatorial diameters of fruit and contents of soluble solids and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) decreased linearly with the increase in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1. The interaction between water salinity and N doses and the isolated action of N did not interfere statistically with the studied variables.

O uso de nitrogênio como forma de aumentar a tolerância das plantas à salinidade tem sido testado em muitas espécies. No entanto, além de resultados controversos, se observa que a maioria dos estudos são realizados com espécies anuais e, ou na fase inicial de crescimento, sendo praticamente inexistentes estudos com frutíferas perenes em fase de produção. Nessa direção, o trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os componentes de produção e a qualidade pós-colheita de goiabeira 'Paluma' irrigada com águas de salinidade crescente no solo com nitrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois anos em lisímetros de drenagem numa área experimental da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal, PB. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, com salinidades de água ­ CEa (NaCl) de 0,3, 1,1, 1,9, 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1 e quatro doses de nitrogênio (ureia) de 70, 100, 130 e 160% da dose recomendada de 541,1 mg de N dm-3 por ano, com três repetições. A interação salinidade da água x doses de nitrogênio e ação isolada de N não influenciaram estatisticamente as variáveis estudadas. O número de frutos, a massa média de frutos, a produção por planta, o diâmetro polar e equatorial dos frutos, os teores de sólidos solúveis e ácido ascórbico (vitamina C), decresceram linearmente com o aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,3 dS m-1.

Repeatability analysis of guava fruit and leaf characteristics / Análise de repetibilidade de características de frutos e folhas de goiaba

Psidium guajava L. (guava) is an important species that presents high genetic variability due to its mixed reproductive system, which is desired in breeding programs. Repeatability is an important tool for the selection of genotypes in pre-breeding studies. When genetic variability is present, the knowledge regarding the number of samples to be used in repeatability studies is indispensable. This study aims to determine the number of necessary measures while optimizing resources and maintaining the reliability of the results for the variables evaluated in P. guajava. The experiment was carried out with genotypes from three Brazilian States: Espírito Santo, São Paulo, and Minas Gerais, and a total of 79 P. guajava genotypes were collected. The following characteristics were evaluated: young leaf length and width; developed leaf length and width; fruit length; fruit diameter and fruit cavity diameter; and fruit weight and pulp weight. For the evaluated characteristics, deviance, permanent phenotypic and temporary environment variance, coefficients of repeatability and determination, accuracy and the number of estimated measurements required were determined. We established that the number of measurements required in repeatability analysis for a coefficient of repeatability with a reliability of 80% is four, for the measurements of developed leaf width, pulp weight, fruit diameter, and fruit cavity diameter

Psidium guajava L. (goiaba) é uma espécie importante que apresenta alta variabilidade genética devido ao seu sistema reprodutivo misto, o que é desejado em programas de melhoramento. A repetibilidade é uma ferramenta importante para a seleção de genótipos em estudos de pré-melhoramento.Quando a variabilidade genética está presente, o conhecimento sobre o número de amostras a serem usadas em estudos de repetibilidade é indispensável. Este estudo tem como objetivo determinar o número de medidas necessárias, otimizando recursos e mantendo a confiabilidade dos resultados para as variáveis avaliadas em P. guajava. O experimento foi conduzido com genótipos de três estados brasileiros: Espírito Santo, São Paulo e Minas Gerais, e um total de 79 genótipos de P. guajava foram coletados. As seguintes características foram avaliadas: comprimento e largura das folhas jovens; comprimento e largura das folhas desenvolvidas; comprimento do fruto; diâmetro do fruto e diâmetro da cavidade do fruto; e peso do fruto e peso da polpa. Para as características avaliadas, foram determinados os desvios, a variância fenotípica permanente e temporária do ambiente, os coeficientes de repetibilidade e determinação, a precisão e o número estimado de medidas necessárias. Foi estabelecido que o número de medições necessárias na análise de repetibilidade para um coeficiente de repetibilidade com uma confiabilidade de 80% é igual a quatro, para as medidas de largura de folha desenvolvida, peso da polpa, diâmetro do fruto e diâmetro da cavidade do fruto.

Optimization of extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of Psidium guajava by orthogonal test based on information entropy weighting / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the extraction of total flavonoids from leaves of Psidium guajava. Methods: L9(34) orthogonal test was used to screen the optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from leaves of P. guajava with ethanol concentration, solid-liquid ratio, extraction time, and extraction times as factors. The weight coefficient of the four evaluation indicators, including the yield of total flavonoids, hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-β-D-pyranarabinoside, and quercetin-3-O-α-L-furanarabinoside was calculated by information entropy weighting so as to calculate comprehensive score. We obtained the optimal technology by orthogonal analysis based on the comprehensive score. Results: The optimal extraction technology was that using 8-fold 70% ethanol water to extract 2 h for three times. The mean comprehensive score of the three batches was 0.142 1 and the RSD was 2.37%. Conclusion: The optimal extraction technology of total flavonoids from leaves of P. guajava was stable and feasible with high yield.

Análisis preliminar de los metabolitos secundarios de polvos mixtos de hojas de plantas medicinales / Preliminary analysis of secondary metabolites in mixed powders of leaves of medicinal plants

Introducción: el tamizaje fitoquímico de una planta brinda una percepción sobre los posibles beneficios medicinales; la literatura refiere información de esta determinación en las hojas deAnacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. y Moringa oleifera Lam. , no obstante, en cuanto al polvo mixto de sus hojas no se encontró información disponible. Objetivo: determinar los metabolitos secundarios mediante tamizaje fitoquímico a los polvos mixtos de hojas de A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia y M. oleifera. Métodos: se recolectaron las hojas de las plantas en estudio, estas se deshidrataron a temperatura ambiente y artificial, seguidamente se trituraron a 1 mm de tamaño de partículas. Para la elaboración de las muestras se tomó el polvo seco obtenido de las hojas y se mezcló en cinco proporciones. Luego, se realizó el tamizaje fitoquímico a los extractos hidro-alchólicos obtenidos de las muestras. Resultados: el tamizaje fitoquímico de los polvos mixtos no detectó resinas, ni flavonoides, excepto en la muestra 4, que se observó este último metabolito. Las quinonas abundan en todas las muestras, excepto en el ensayo 1, que se detectó poca presencia. Además, las proporciones 1, 2 y 3 presentaron saponinas y los alcaloides se identificaron en las muestras 1, 4 y 5, así como, las coumarinas se observaron en las muestras con mayores proporciones de las plantas individuales. Los otros metabolitos secundarios se detectaron con baja presencia en todas las mezclas. Conclusiones: de acuerdo al análisis preliminar de los metabolitos secundarios de los polvos mixtos de hojas de P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera y M. citrifolia, se sugiere el estudio de estas mezclas medicinales como aditivo fitoquímico en las dietas de los animales, como primer estudio biológico(AU)

Introduction: Phytochemical screening of a plant provides insight into its potential medicinal uses. Phytochemical data about the leaves of Anacardium occidentale L., Psidium guajava L., Morinda citrifolia L. and Moringa oleifera Lam. may be found in the literature. However, no information was found about the mixed powder of these leaves. Objective: Perform phytochemical screening of mixed powders of leaves of A. occidentale, P. guajava, M. citrifolia and M. oleifera to determine their secondary metabolites. Methods: Leaves of the study plants were collected, dehydrated at ambient and room temperature and crushed to 1 mm particles. The study samples were formed by mixing the dry powder from the leaves at five proportions. Phytochemical screening was then conducted of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the samples. Results: Phytochemical screening of the mixed powders did not detect any resins or flavonoids, except in sample 4, where the latter metabolite was found. Quinones are abundant in all samples, except for assay 1, where they were scant. Proportions 1, 2 and 3 contained saponins; alkaloids were identified in samples 1, 4 and 5; and coumarines were found in the samples with greater proportions of individual plants. The remaining secondary metabolites had a low presence in all the mixtures. Conclusions: Based on the preliminary analysis of secondary metabolites in mixed powders of leaves of P. guajava, A. occidentale, M. oleifera and M. citrifolia, it is suggested to study these medicinal mixtures as phytochemical additives in animal feed as a first biological study(AU)

Natural sparkling guava wine: volatile and physicochemical characterization / Espumante natural de goiaba: caracterização volátil e físico-química

ABSTRACT: Although different tropical fruit species have been used in the development of fermented beverages, there are only few references in the literature to the production of natural sparkling wines from fruits other than grapes. In this sense, the objective of the present research was the development and physicochemical and volatile characterization of a natural sparkling guava wine produced by the champenoise method. Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) technique on samples. Eighty-nine volatile compounds were detected, of which 51 were identified. Esters were the predominant class of volatile compounds (a total of 26), followed by alcohols (10), terpenes (9), ketones (3), and acids (3). Volatile compounds with possible odoriferous activity were reported in the beverage, including ethyl octanoate, ethyl 5-hexenoate, phenethyl acetate, (E)-β-damascenone, (E)-ethyl cinnamate, 2-methyl butyl acetate, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl 3-(E)-hexenoate, and methyl 5-hexenoate. Natural sparkling guava wine produced showed a complex composition of fruity and floral aromas. Furthermore, the use of the champenoise method, traditionally applied to grapes, enabled the manufacture of a natural sparkling guava wine with physicochemical characteristics equivalent to those of sparkling wines made from grapes.

RESUMO: Diferentes frutos tropicais vêm sendo utilizados para o desenvolvimento de bebidas fermentadas, porém na bibliografia consultada há poucas referências sobre a produção de espumantes naturais de outras frutas diferentes da uva. Nesta perspectiva, o objetivo deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a caracterização físico-química e volátil de um espumante natural de goiaba produzido pelo método champenoise. A determinação dos compostos voláteis foi realizada por cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas utilizando a técnica de microextração em fase sólida no headspace (HS-SPME) das amostras. Foram detectados 89 compostos voláteis, dos quais 51 foram identificados. Os ésteres foram os compostos voláteis predominantes em número, totalizando 26 compostos, seguido pelos álcoois (10), terpenos (9), cetonas (3) e ácidos (3). Compostos voláteis com possível atividade odorífera foram encontrados na bebida, dentre eles os ésteres octanoato de etila, 5-hexenoato de etila, acetato de fenetila, (E)-β-damascenona, (E)-cinamato de etila, acetato de 2-metil butila, 3-metil butanol, 3-(E)-hexenoato de etila e o 5-hexenoato de metila. O espumante natural produzido apresentou uma composição complexa de aroma frutado e floral. Além disso, a utilização do método tradicionalmente aplicado a uvas, o champenoise, proporcionou a fabricação de um espumante natural de goiaba com características físico-químicas equivalentes aos espumantes elaborados a partir de vinho.

Harvest time on the content and chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of guava / Horário de coleta sobre o teor e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de goiabeira

ABSTRACT: The essential oil plants contents can be affected by several factors. For example, in certain plants, collection time has been observed to affect the content and chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the plant. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of collection time on the content and chemical composition of the essential oil from guava ( Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Leaves were collected at different times of the day and the content and chemical composition of their essential oil was determined. Collection time did not qualitatively affect the chemical composition of the essential oil. However, concentration of certain substances in the oil, such as α-humulene and trans-caryophyllene, did significantly vary at different collection times. The main constituents of the essential oil of Psidium guajava are limonene (2.2-4.4%), trans-caryophyllene (18.1-17.1%), α-humulene (26.3-20.4%), aromadendrene (7.6-12.2%), α-selinene (7.3-11.3%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7-3.3%), humulene epoxide II (4.1-1.9%), and selin-11-en-4α-ol (7.2-11.1%). Leaves collected at 7:00 AM had higher essential oil production, with a content of 0.38% (d.b.), whereas leaves collected at 7:00 PM had lower essential oil production, 0.24% (d.b.). Chemical analysis showed that sesquiterpene compounds represented the highest concentration (62.0%), and monoterpenoids and monoterpenes represented the lowest concentrations (1.1 and 2.2%, respectively). Chemical classes that underwent major changes with respect to collection time were monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and sesquiterpenoids (2.2-4.4%, 63.8-61.7%, and 15.9-13.2%, respectively).

RESUMO: Existem fatores que podem afetar o conteúdo de óleo essencial das plantas, sendo o horário de coleta um deles. Assim, observa-se que o teor e a composição química de óleo essencial podem variar em certas plantas de acordo com horário de coleta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do horário de coleta sobre o conteúdo e a composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de goiabeira ( Psidium guajava ). Folhas de Psidium guajava foram coletadas em diferentes horários do dia para determinar teor e composição química de seu óleo essencial. O óleo essencial não apresentou variação qualitativa da composição química em relação ao horário de coleta das folhas de Psidium guajava , mas alterou a concentração das substâncias, entre elas o α-humuleno e o trans-cariofileno. Os constituintes principais do óleo essencial das folhas de Psidium guajava são o limoneno (2,2-4,4%), trans-cariofileno (18,1-17,1%), α-humuleno (26,3-20,4%), aromadendreno (7,6-12,2%), α-selineno (7,3-11,3%), óxido de cariofileno (3,7-3,3%) epóxido de humuleno II (4,1-1,9%) e o selin-11-en-4α-ol (7,2-11,1%). No entanto, a maior produção de óleo essencial, foi obtida com as folhas coletadas às 19h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,38% (b.s.) e a mais baixa produção às 07h, apresentando conteúdo de 0,24% (b.s.). Através da análise química, identificou-se que compostos sesquiterpênicos apresentaram uma maior concentração (62,0%) e os monoterpenos e monoterpenoides foram os que apresentaram menor concentração (2,2 e 1,1%, respectivamente). As classes que sofreram maiores mudanças em relação ao horário de coleta foram os monoterpenos (2,2-4,4%) e os sesquiterpenos e os sesquiterpenoides (63,8-61,7% e 15,9-13,2%, respectivamente).

Effect of plant extracts and a disinfectant on biological parameters and pathogenicity of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae) / Ação de extratos vegetais e desinfetantes sobre parâmetros biológicos e patogenicidade do fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Ascomycota: Cordycipitaceae)

Abstract The fungus Beauveria bassiana is naturally found in poultry houses and causes high rates of mortality in Alphitobius diaperinus. Laboratory and field experiments have shown the potential of this fungus as an insect control agent. However, in poultry houses, bacteria as Salmonella, can be found and have been studied alternative control methods for this pathogen. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of plant extracts and a disinfectant on the fungus Beauveria bassiana (strain Unioeste 4). Conidial viability, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, vegetative growth, conidia production, insecticidal activity of the fungus and compatibility were used as parameters in the evaluation of the effect of these products on the fungus. Alcoholic and aqueous extracts of jabuticaba (Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.), guava (Psidium guajava (L.)), and jambolan (Syzygium cumini (L.), at concentrations of 10% as well as the commercial disinfectant, Peroxitane® 1512 AL, were evaluated at the recommended concentrations (RC), 1:200 (RC), 0.5 RC and 2 RC. There was a negative influence of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of jabuticaba, guava and three dilutions of Peroxitane on the viability of conidia. The CFUs and vegetative growth of the fungus were affected only by the Peroxitane (all dilutions). For conidial production, the aqueous extract of guava had a positive effect, increasing production, while the Peroxitane at the R and RC concentrations resulted in a negative influence. The mortality of A. diaperinus, caused by the fungus after exposure to these products, was 60% for the peracetic acid at 0.5 RC, and above 80% for the extracts. Thus, the results showed that all the extracts and Peroxitane at RC 0.5 are compatible with the fungus B. bassiana Unioeste 4, however only the extracts had a low impact on inoculum potential.

Resumo O fungo Beauveria bassiana é encontrado naturalmente em aviários de frango de corte, tendo sua eficácia como agente controlador do Alphitobius diaperinus, em condições de laboratório e campo. No entanto, nos aviários encontram-se também bactérias, como a Salmonella, para a qual vêm sendo pesquisadas alternativas de controle. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais e um desinfetante com potencial de uso contra Salmonella spp., sobre os parâmetros biológicos do fungo B. bassiana isolado Unioeste 4. Foram avaliados extratos alcoólicos e aquosos de folhas de jabuticabeira (Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.)), goiabeira (Psidium guajava (L.)), jamboleiro (Syzygium cumini (L.)), na concentração de 10% e também o desinfetante comercial Peroxitane®1512 AL na concentração recomendada – 1:200 (CR), 0,5 CR e 2CR. Foram avaliados a: germinação dos conídios, unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC), crescimento vegetativo, produção de conídios e efeito sobre a atividade inseticida do fungo contra adultos de A. diaperinus, bem como a compatibilidade entre produtos e o fungo. Verificou-se influência negativa dos extratos alcoólico e aquoso de jabuticabeira, goiabeira e das três diluições de Peroxitane sobre a viabilidade dos conídios. Já, a UFC e o crescimento vegetativo foram afetados apenas com Peroxitane (em todas as diluições). Para produção de conídios, o extrato aquoso de goiabeira teve efeito positivo, elevando a produção, enquanto as diluições recomendada e o dobro de Peroxitane mostraram influência negativa. Observou-se ainda que a mortalidade de A. diaperinus causada pelo fungo após a exposição aos produtos foi de 60% para o ácido peracético na 0,5 CR, já para os extratos foi acima de 80%. Assim, os resultados demonstraram que todos os extratos e o Peroxitane na 0,5 CR são compatíveis com o fungo B. bassiana Unioeste 4, porém apenas os extratos tiveram baixo impacto sobre o potencial de inóculo do fungo.

Efecto hipoglicemiante de los extractos acuoso y etanólico de psidium guajava L. (Guayaba) en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano / Hypoglycemic effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of psidium guajava L. (guajava) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la actividad antidiabética de los extractos acuoso y etanólico obtenidos a partir de las hojas de Psidium guajava L. en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano. MAZTERIAL y METODOS: La hiperglicemia se indujo en ratas albinas mediante la administración de aloxano monohidrato (100 mg/kg ip). El extracto acuoso fue administrado en una sola dosis de 250 mg/kg, mientras que el extracto etanólico a las dosis de 250 y 500 mg/kg también a dosis única. La glucosa en sangre se determinó a las dos, cuatro y veinticuatro horas, después de la administración del aloxano. RESULTADOS: La administración de los extractos acuoso y etanólico de Psidium guajava L. tendieron a disminuir la concentración de glucosa en sangre. El extracto acuoso con una concentración de 250 mg/kg se encontró que era más potente que los extractos etanólicos, con la concentración de glucosa media más baja de 86,67 mg/dL, dos horas después de que se administró. El efecto del extracto etanólico sólo se observó en la concentración de 500 mg/kg con una ligera disminución de la glucosa en sangre. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio indicó una actividad antidiabética significativa del extracto acuoso de Psidium guajava L. en ratas diabéticas inducidas por aloxano.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate antidiabetic activity of water and ethanol extracts from Psidium guajava L. leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. MATERIAL and METHODS: Hyperglycemia was induced in albino rats by administering alloxan monohydrate (100 mg/kg i.p.). Water extract at a dose of 250 mg/kg was administered at a single dose, while ethanol extracts at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg were also administered at a single dose. Blood glucose was determined two hours after administering the extracts. RESULTS: The addition of water and ethanol extracts of Psidium guajava L. tended to decrease the blood glucose concentration. The water extract at a concentration of 250 mg/kg was found to be more potent than ethanol extracts with the lowest mean glucose concentration of 86.67 mg/dL two hours after it was administered. The effect of ethanol extract was only observed at the concentration of 500 mg/kg with a slight decrease in blood glucose. CONCLUSION: This study indicated a significant antidiabetic activity of water extract of Psidium guajava L. in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Antibacterial activity of psidium guajava l. methanol leaf extract against plant pathogenic bacteria in the genera pectobacterium and xanthomonas.

The antibacterial activity of methanol leaf extract of Psidium guajava L. was performed on six plant pathogenic bacteria, namely Xanthomonas citri, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas oryzae, Xanthomonas oryzicola, Pectobacterium carotovorum and Pectobacterium chrysanthemi by cup-plate agar diffusion method. Different concentrations gave different range of means diameter inhibition zones where at concentrations o f 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/ml, the range was 10.00±0.00 mm to 15.00±0.00 mm, 12.00±0.00 mm to 17.00±0.00 mm, 15.00±0.00 mm to 20.00±0.00 mm and 16.00±0.00 mm to 25.00±0.00 mm, respectively. X. oryzae gave the highest mean diameter inhibition zone when tested with all concentrations compared to the mean diameter inhibition zones of other plant pathogenic bacteria. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the methanol extracts was performed by macrobroth dilution technique and the lowest concentration used that was still able to inhibit the bacterial growth was 0.391 mg/ml for X. oryzae.

Viabilidade econômica do uso do calcário na implantação de pomar de goiabeiras / Economical viability of the use of limestone for the establishment of guava orchard

Com o objetivo de estudar a relação entre doses de calcário e produção de goiabas, um ensaio de campo foi conduzido em solo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, no município de Bebedouro-SP, no período de 1999 a 2006. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. O calcário foi aplicado uma única vez em 1999, nas doses de: zero; 1,85; 3,71; 5,56 e 7,41 t ha-1. A produção das goiabeiras aumentou em resposta à aplicação do corretivo de acidez. As produções acumuladas de frutos, nos anos sucessivos 2003, 2004, 2005 e 2006 estiveram associadas às doses mais econômicas de calcário de 1,6; 4,4; 7,2 e 7,2 t ha-1, respectivamente.

With the objective of studying the relationship between limestone doses and guava production, a field experiment was conducted on Oxisol soil in the town of Bebedouro-SP, from 1999 to 2006. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications. The limestone was used only once in 1999, at doses from zero, 1.85; 3.71; 5.56 and 7.41 t ha-1. The guava production increased in response to the application of the acidity corrective. The accumulated production of fruits in successive years 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 were associated with economical doses of limestone of 1.6; 4.4; 7.2 and 7.2 t ha-1 respectively.

In vitro antioxidant capacity, phenolic, ascorbic acid and lycopene content of Guava (Psidium guajava L) juices and nectars

The aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant capacity in vitro of three different brands of guava nectars and juices, through free radicals scavenging methods, 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) and 2,2-azimo-bis (3 ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) and its correlation with the total polyphenolic content, total lycopene and ascorbic acid. Brands revealed statistrical differences (p menor ou igual a 0.05) in antioxidant capacity, ranging from 1.9 to 7.7 molTE/mL. Antioxidant capacity presented positive correlation for ascorbic acid content and polyphenolic compounds, being relatively low for the lycopene. Different process can influence the content of these compounds as well as interfere in their antioxidant capacity. The control of the production process is important to add value to guava products and fulfill the new tendency of the market.

Germinação e vigor de sementes de goiaba (Psidium guajava L. ) submetidas a métodos para superação da dormência / Germination and vigor of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L. ) submitted to different methods to supress dormancy

Este trabalho teve como objetivo testar a germinação e o índice de velocidade de germinação em sementes de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.). As sementes foram obtidas de frutos maduros provenientes de um pomar comercial, localizado no município de Pelotas/RS. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório Didático de Análise de Sementes, pertencente ao Departamento de Fitotecnia da FAEM/UFPel. Os tratamentos aplicados às sementes foram: a) estratificação durante 0, 10, 20, 30 dias em geladeira, com temperatura em tomo de 5°C; b) escarificação com ácido sulfúrico concentrado, com imersão por -15 minutos e com areia média de lavada, atritando-se as sementes igualmente por 15 minutos. O experimento foi conduzido com delineamento experimental completamente casualizado, com 4 repetições de 50 sementes. Após os tratamentos as sementes foram colocadas em substratos papel e areia e postas a germinar em dois ambientes distintos: germinador a temperatura constante de 25 °C e sob temperatura ambiente. A germinação ocorreu entre 8 e 11 dias no germinador. O substrato só teve efeito significativo para a variável germinação, sendo que em areia houveram maiores médias de germinação. O melhor tratamento de escarificação, para ambas variáveis, foi com areia. O tratamento de estratificação teve efeito negativo sobre a germinação e positivo sobre o índice de velocidade de germinação de sementes de goiaba.

This work was conducted to study the germination test and the germination speed rate of guava seeds (Psidium guajava L.). Guava seeds were coilected from ripe fruits of a commercial orchard in Pelotas, RS. The experiment was carried out at the Seed Analysis Laboratory/ Plant Science Department - FAEM/UFPel. The seed treatments used were: a) refrigerated stratification around 5°C during 0, 10, 20, and 30 days; b) concentrated sulfuric acid scarification through 15 minutes immersion and medium washed sand seeds attrition during 15 minutes. The experimental design was a completely randomized with 4 replications of 50 seeds. After each seed treatment, seeds were placed in the paper and sand substratos: germinator chamber at constant 25°C and at room temperature. The germination occurred between 8 and 11 days in the germinator chamber. The substrate showed significativo effect only for germination and sand showed higher germination average values. Sands was the best scarification treatment for both situations. The stratification treatment decreased the germination and increased the germination speed rate of guava seeds.

Double-blind study of psidium guajava l. and tetracycline in acute diarrhoea.

A double-blind study of Psidium Guajava L. with tetracycline in the treatment of 122 selected diarrhea patients, 64 were men 58 were women aged 16-55 years was conducted. The administration was the same for all with doses of 500 mg. every 6 hours for 3 days. The result of comparative trial showed the efficacy of Psidium Guajava L. would decrease the stool output the flied in-take and the duration of diarrhea. However the statistical evaluation showed the difference between the two groups was not significant.